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ki67  (Novus Biologicals)


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    Structured Review

    Novus Biologicals ki67
    Targeting TSPAN6 suppresses tumour growth and metastasis. (A) Real-time cell proliferation assay of PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Data are presented as mean values ± SD. (B) Cystal violet staining of shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells after 14 days of culture. Colony number of each group was quantified on the right. Data are presented as the mean ± SD from three independent repeats. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (C) Fluorescence staining for active apoptosis in shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells detected by GreenNuc Caspase-3 Assay Kit. The green fluorescence in nuclei indicate active apoptosis. Scale bar, 20 μm. (D) Western blot analysis of cleaved caspase3 in PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-actin was used as the loading control. (E) Western blot analysis of PLK4 protein levels in primary tumour cells derived from 18 patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). β-Actin served as the loading control (left). Relative PLK4 protein levels were quantified as the ratio of sample to NC (sample/NC). Cases with sample/NC > 1 were classified as PLK4 high (red dots), whereas cases with sample/NC < 1 were classified as PLK4 low (blue dots) (right). (F) Growth curve of tumours in PDX-models treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Tumour volumes are presented as mean values ± SD (n = 30 mice per group). p values were calculated by two-way ANOVA. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (G, H) Immunohistochemical staining of <t>Ki67</t> and cleaved-caspase3 in tumours from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Scale bar, 100 μm. (I) Immunofluorescent staining for PLK4, TSPAN6, and α-tubulin in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. White arrowheads indicate PLK4 particles colocalized with TSPAN6 in the extracellular space. Yellow arrowheads indicate bipolar spindles in the control group and multipolar spindles in the shTSPAN6 RNA-treated group. Scale bar, 20 μm for each main image and 2 μm for the zoom in section. Regions marked by the arrowheads are shown at higher magnification in the right three columns. (J) Quantification of PLK4-containing particles in the extracellular space of frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. 20 fields of view from tumour sections of three mice per group were analysed. Data are presented as mean ± SD. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (K) Proportion of bipolar spindles in mitotic tumour cells in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. (L) Western blot analysis of intracellular PLK4 protein levels in PLK4 high tumours derived from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-Actin was used as the loading control. Quantification is presented as mean ± SD from three independent biological replicates. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (M) Liver and lung tissues were harvested from PDX-mice with or without detectable metastatic lesions. Arrowheads indicate representative metastatic nodules within the organs. (N) Metastatic incidence in the liver and lung tissues of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. The number of mice analysed in each group is indicated above the corresponding bar. (O) Metastatic regions in liver and lung tissues visualised by H&E staining. Representative metastatic foci are indicated by arrowheads, with corresponding higher-magnification images shown on the right. Scale bar, 100 μm for each main image and 20 μm for the zoom in section. (P) Quantification of metastatic nodules in the lungs and livers of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Each dot represents an individual mouse bearing metastatic nodules in the indicated organ.
    Ki67, supplied by Novus Biologicals, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 146 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/nb500/Ki67%2FMKI67+Antibody+-+BSA+Free/pmc13085014-40-122-129
    Average 96 stars, based on 146 article reviews
    ki67 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    96/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Migrasome-mediated clearance of excess PLK4 defines a targetable vulnerability"

    Article Title: Migrasome-mediated clearance of excess PLK4 defines a targetable vulnerability

    Journal: eBioMedicine

    doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2026.106237

    Targeting TSPAN6 suppresses tumour growth and metastasis. (A) Real-time cell proliferation assay of PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Data are presented as mean values ± SD. (B) Cystal violet staining of shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells after 14 days of culture. Colony number of each group was quantified on the right. Data are presented as the mean ± SD from three independent repeats. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (C) Fluorescence staining for active apoptosis in shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells detected by GreenNuc Caspase-3 Assay Kit. The green fluorescence in nuclei indicate active apoptosis. Scale bar, 20 μm. (D) Western blot analysis of cleaved caspase3 in PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-actin was used as the loading control. (E) Western blot analysis of PLK4 protein levels in primary tumour cells derived from 18 patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). β-Actin served as the loading control (left). Relative PLK4 protein levels were quantified as the ratio of sample to NC (sample/NC). Cases with sample/NC > 1 were classified as PLK4 high (red dots), whereas cases with sample/NC < 1 were classified as PLK4 low (blue dots) (right). (F) Growth curve of tumours in PDX-models treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Tumour volumes are presented as mean values ± SD (n = 30 mice per group). p values were calculated by two-way ANOVA. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (G, H) Immunohistochemical staining of Ki67 and cleaved-caspase3 in tumours from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Scale bar, 100 μm. (I) Immunofluorescent staining for PLK4, TSPAN6, and α-tubulin in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. White arrowheads indicate PLK4 particles colocalized with TSPAN6 in the extracellular space. Yellow arrowheads indicate bipolar spindles in the control group and multipolar spindles in the shTSPAN6 RNA-treated group. Scale bar, 20 μm for each main image and 2 μm for the zoom in section. Regions marked by the arrowheads are shown at higher magnification in the right three columns. (J) Quantification of PLK4-containing particles in the extracellular space of frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. 20 fields of view from tumour sections of three mice per group were analysed. Data are presented as mean ± SD. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (K) Proportion of bipolar spindles in mitotic tumour cells in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. (L) Western blot analysis of intracellular PLK4 protein levels in PLK4 high tumours derived from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-Actin was used as the loading control. Quantification is presented as mean ± SD from three independent biological replicates. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (M) Liver and lung tissues were harvested from PDX-mice with or without detectable metastatic lesions. Arrowheads indicate representative metastatic nodules within the organs. (N) Metastatic incidence in the liver and lung tissues of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. The number of mice analysed in each group is indicated above the corresponding bar. (O) Metastatic regions in liver and lung tissues visualised by H&E staining. Representative metastatic foci are indicated by arrowheads, with corresponding higher-magnification images shown on the right. Scale bar, 100 μm for each main image and 20 μm for the zoom in section. (P) Quantification of metastatic nodules in the lungs and livers of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Each dot represents an individual mouse bearing metastatic nodules in the indicated organ.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Targeting TSPAN6 suppresses tumour growth and metastasis. (A) Real-time cell proliferation assay of PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Data are presented as mean values ± SD. (B) Cystal violet staining of shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells after 14 days of culture. Colony number of each group was quantified on the right. Data are presented as the mean ± SD from three independent repeats. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (C) Fluorescence staining for active apoptosis in shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells detected by GreenNuc Caspase-3 Assay Kit. The green fluorescence in nuclei indicate active apoptosis. Scale bar, 20 μm. (D) Western blot analysis of cleaved caspase3 in PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-actin was used as the loading control. (E) Western blot analysis of PLK4 protein levels in primary tumour cells derived from 18 patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). β-Actin served as the loading control (left). Relative PLK4 protein levels were quantified as the ratio of sample to NC (sample/NC). Cases with sample/NC > 1 were classified as PLK4 high (red dots), whereas cases with sample/NC < 1 were classified as PLK4 low (blue dots) (right). (F) Growth curve of tumours in PDX-models treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Tumour volumes are presented as mean values ± SD (n = 30 mice per group). p values were calculated by two-way ANOVA. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (G, H) Immunohistochemical staining of Ki67 and cleaved-caspase3 in tumours from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Scale bar, 100 μm. (I) Immunofluorescent staining for PLK4, TSPAN6, and α-tubulin in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. White arrowheads indicate PLK4 particles colocalized with TSPAN6 in the extracellular space. Yellow arrowheads indicate bipolar spindles in the control group and multipolar spindles in the shTSPAN6 RNA-treated group. Scale bar, 20 μm for each main image and 2 μm for the zoom in section. Regions marked by the arrowheads are shown at higher magnification in the right three columns. (J) Quantification of PLK4-containing particles in the extracellular space of frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. 20 fields of view from tumour sections of three mice per group were analysed. Data are presented as mean ± SD. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (K) Proportion of bipolar spindles in mitotic tumour cells in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. (L) Western blot analysis of intracellular PLK4 protein levels in PLK4 high tumours derived from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-Actin was used as the loading control. Quantification is presented as mean ± SD from three independent biological replicates. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (M) Liver and lung tissues were harvested from PDX-mice with or without detectable metastatic lesions. Arrowheads indicate representative metastatic nodules within the organs. (N) Metastatic incidence in the liver and lung tissues of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. The number of mice analysed in each group is indicated above the corresponding bar. (O) Metastatic regions in liver and lung tissues visualised by H&E staining. Representative metastatic foci are indicated by arrowheads, with corresponding higher-magnification images shown on the right. Scale bar, 100 μm for each main image and 20 μm for the zoom in section. (P) Quantification of metastatic nodules in the lungs and livers of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Each dot represents an individual mouse bearing metastatic nodules in the indicated organ.

    Techniques Used: Proliferation Assay, Staining, Control, Two Tailed Test, Fluorescence, Caspase-3 Assay, Western Blot, Derivative Assay, Immunohistochemical staining

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    Immunohistochemical staining:

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    Article Snippet: .. Beclin-1 primary antibody diluted 1:500 (Novus Biologicals, NB500–249, Littleton, CO, USA), p62 primary antibody diluted 1:200 (Anti-SQSTM-1, H00008878, Abnova Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan), LC3–2 primary antibody diluted 1:750 (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), SF-1 primary antibody diluted 1:150 (NBP2–46247; Novus Biologicals, Centennial, CO, USA), and StAR primary antibody diluted 1:250 (bs-3570R; Bioss Inc., Woburn, MA, USA) were all applied to the sections in an immunohistochemical chamber for an overnight duration at 4°C. ..

    Immunohistochemistry:

    Article Title: iPSC-derived ITGA6-positive cells restore aqueous humor outflow in glaucoma eyes
    Article Snippet: .. Information of antibodies for IHC and WB Antibody name Company/Catalog number Dilution ratio/Concentration of working solution mouse monoclonal anti-collagen IV(COLIV) Abcam, ab6311 5 μg/ml rabbit polyclonal anti-Myocilin antibody Abcam, ab85842 5 μg/ml rabbit polyclonal anti-Laminin alpha 4 (LAMA4) Abcam, ab209675 1:200 rabbit polyclonal anti-TIMP3 Abcam, ab39184 3 μg/ml rabbit monoclonal anti-aquaporin antibody (AQP1) Abcam, ab168387 1:500 rabbit polyclonal carbonic anhydrase XII12 (CA12) Novus, NBP1-81668 1:500 rabbit polyclonal anti-TGF beta receptor II (TGFBR2) Abcam, ab78419 1:200 mouse monoclonal anti-alpha β crystallin (CRYAB) Abcam, ab13496 1:100 mouse monoclonal anti-VACM-1 Novus, NBP1-47491 1:500 rabbit polyclonal anti-CADM3 Novus, NBP1-88604 1:500 rabbit polyclonal anti-fibulin 2 (FBLN2) Novus, NBP1-33479 1:1000 mouse monoclonal ITGA6 Abcam, ab20142 1:500 for IHC FITC anti-human ITGA6 Miltenyi Biotec, 130- 097-245 1:11 for flow cytometry rabbit monoclonal anti-Integrin alpha 6 Abcam, ab181551 1:2000 for WB rabbit polyclonal anti-NONO Novus, NB100-1556 1:1000 STEM121 TaKaRa, Y40410 1:500 mouse monoclonal anti-nuclei (MAB1281) Merck, MAB1281 1:500 mouse monoclonal anti-SFPQ Novus, 6D7 1:2000 rabbit polyclonal anti-Ki-67 Novus, NB500-170 1:300 rabbit monoclonal recombinant anti-Laminin gamma 1 Abcam, ab233389 1:2000 anti-mouse IgG Alexa FluorTM 488 Invitrogen, A28175 1:1000 anti-mouse IgG (H+L) Alexa Fluor® 647 Abcam, ab150115 1:1000 anti-rabbit IgG Alexa Fluor TM 568 Invitrogen, A11011 1:500 Supplementary Table 3. ..

    Western Blot:

    Article Title: iPSC-derived ITGA6-positive cells restore aqueous humor outflow in glaucoma eyes
    Article Snippet: .. Information of antibodies for IHC and WB Antibody name Company/Catalog number Dilution ratio/Concentration of working solution mouse monoclonal anti-collagen IV(COLIV) Abcam, ab6311 5 μg/ml rabbit polyclonal anti-Myocilin antibody Abcam, ab85842 5 μg/ml rabbit polyclonal anti-Laminin alpha 4 (LAMA4) Abcam, ab209675 1:200 rabbit polyclonal anti-TIMP3 Abcam, ab39184 3 μg/ml rabbit monoclonal anti-aquaporin antibody (AQP1) Abcam, ab168387 1:500 rabbit polyclonal carbonic anhydrase XII12 (CA12) Novus, NBP1-81668 1:500 rabbit polyclonal anti-TGF beta receptor II (TGFBR2) Abcam, ab78419 1:200 mouse monoclonal anti-alpha β crystallin (CRYAB) Abcam, ab13496 1:100 mouse monoclonal anti-VACM-1 Novus, NBP1-47491 1:500 rabbit polyclonal anti-CADM3 Novus, NBP1-88604 1:500 rabbit polyclonal anti-fibulin 2 (FBLN2) Novus, NBP1-33479 1:1000 mouse monoclonal ITGA6 Abcam, ab20142 1:500 for IHC FITC anti-human ITGA6 Miltenyi Biotec, 130- 097-245 1:11 for flow cytometry rabbit monoclonal anti-Integrin alpha 6 Abcam, ab181551 1:2000 for WB rabbit polyclonal anti-NONO Novus, NB100-1556 1:1000 STEM121 TaKaRa, Y40410 1:500 mouse monoclonal anti-nuclei (MAB1281) Merck, MAB1281 1:500 mouse monoclonal anti-SFPQ Novus, 6D7 1:2000 rabbit polyclonal anti-Ki-67 Novus, NB500-170 1:300 rabbit monoclonal recombinant anti-Laminin gamma 1 Abcam, ab233389 1:2000 anti-mouse IgG Alexa FluorTM 488 Invitrogen, A28175 1:1000 anti-mouse IgG (H+L) Alexa Fluor® 647 Abcam, ab150115 1:1000 anti-rabbit IgG Alexa Fluor TM 568 Invitrogen, A11011 1:500 Supplementary Table 3. ..

    Flow Cytometry:

    Article Title: iPSC-derived ITGA6-positive cells restore aqueous humor outflow in glaucoma eyes
    Article Snippet: .. Information of antibodies for IHC and WB Antibody name Company/Catalog number Dilution ratio/Concentration of working solution mouse monoclonal anti-collagen IV(COLIV) Abcam, ab6311 5 μg/ml rabbit polyclonal anti-Myocilin antibody Abcam, ab85842 5 μg/ml rabbit polyclonal anti-Laminin alpha 4 (LAMA4) Abcam, ab209675 1:200 rabbit polyclonal anti-TIMP3 Abcam, ab39184 3 μg/ml rabbit monoclonal anti-aquaporin antibody (AQP1) Abcam, ab168387 1:500 rabbit polyclonal carbonic anhydrase XII12 (CA12) Novus, NBP1-81668 1:500 rabbit polyclonal anti-TGF beta receptor II (TGFBR2) Abcam, ab78419 1:200 mouse monoclonal anti-alpha β crystallin (CRYAB) Abcam, ab13496 1:100 mouse monoclonal anti-VACM-1 Novus, NBP1-47491 1:500 rabbit polyclonal anti-CADM3 Novus, NBP1-88604 1:500 rabbit polyclonal anti-fibulin 2 (FBLN2) Novus, NBP1-33479 1:1000 mouse monoclonal ITGA6 Abcam, ab20142 1:500 for IHC FITC anti-human ITGA6 Miltenyi Biotec, 130- 097-245 1:11 for flow cytometry rabbit monoclonal anti-Integrin alpha 6 Abcam, ab181551 1:2000 for WB rabbit polyclonal anti-NONO Novus, NB100-1556 1:1000 STEM121 TaKaRa, Y40410 1:500 mouse monoclonal anti-nuclei (MAB1281) Merck, MAB1281 1:500 mouse monoclonal anti-SFPQ Novus, 6D7 1:2000 rabbit polyclonal anti-Ki-67 Novus, NB500-170 1:300 rabbit monoclonal recombinant anti-Laminin gamma 1 Abcam, ab233389 1:2000 anti-mouse IgG Alexa FluorTM 488 Invitrogen, A28175 1:1000 anti-mouse IgG (H+L) Alexa Fluor® 647 Abcam, ab150115 1:1000 anti-rabbit IgG Alexa Fluor TM 568 Invitrogen, A11011 1:500 Supplementary Table 3. ..

    Recombinant:

    Article Title: iPSC-derived ITGA6-positive cells restore aqueous humor outflow in glaucoma eyes
    Article Snippet: .. Information of antibodies for IHC and WB Antibody name Company/Catalog number Dilution ratio/Concentration of working solution mouse monoclonal anti-collagen IV(COLIV) Abcam, ab6311 5 μg/ml rabbit polyclonal anti-Myocilin antibody Abcam, ab85842 5 μg/ml rabbit polyclonal anti-Laminin alpha 4 (LAMA4) Abcam, ab209675 1:200 rabbit polyclonal anti-TIMP3 Abcam, ab39184 3 μg/ml rabbit monoclonal anti-aquaporin antibody (AQP1) Abcam, ab168387 1:500 rabbit polyclonal carbonic anhydrase XII12 (CA12) Novus, NBP1-81668 1:500 rabbit polyclonal anti-TGF beta receptor II (TGFBR2) Abcam, ab78419 1:200 mouse monoclonal anti-alpha β crystallin (CRYAB) Abcam, ab13496 1:100 mouse monoclonal anti-VACM-1 Novus, NBP1-47491 1:500 rabbit polyclonal anti-CADM3 Novus, NBP1-88604 1:500 rabbit polyclonal anti-fibulin 2 (FBLN2) Novus, NBP1-33479 1:1000 mouse monoclonal ITGA6 Abcam, ab20142 1:500 for IHC FITC anti-human ITGA6 Miltenyi Biotec, 130- 097-245 1:11 for flow cytometry rabbit monoclonal anti-Integrin alpha 6 Abcam, ab181551 1:2000 for WB rabbit polyclonal anti-NONO Novus, NB100-1556 1:1000 STEM121 TaKaRa, Y40410 1:500 mouse monoclonal anti-nuclei (MAB1281) Merck, MAB1281 1:500 mouse monoclonal anti-SFPQ Novus, 6D7 1:2000 rabbit polyclonal anti-Ki-67 Novus, NB500-170 1:300 rabbit monoclonal recombinant anti-Laminin gamma 1 Abcam, ab233389 1:2000 anti-mouse IgG Alexa FluorTM 488 Invitrogen, A28175 1:1000 anti-mouse IgG (H+L) Alexa Fluor® 647 Abcam, ab150115 1:1000 anti-rabbit IgG Alexa Fluor TM 568 Invitrogen, A11011 1:500 Supplementary Table 3. ..

    Article Title: NuMA mechanically reinforces the spindle independently of its partner dynein.
    Article Snippet: .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Rabbit anti-NuMA Novus Biologicals Cat# NB500-174; RRID: AB_10002562 Mouse anti-p150 [Glued] BD Biosciences Cat# 610474; RRID: AB_397846 Mouse anti-α-tubulin (DM1A) Sigma-Aldrich Cat# T6199; RRID: AB_477583 Goat anti-rabbit IgG AlexaFluor 647 Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-21244; RRID: AB_2535812 Goat anti-mouse IgG AlexaFluor 568 Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-11004; RRID: AB_2534072 GFP-Booster ATTO488 ChromoTek Cat# gba488; RRID: AB_2631386 Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins SiR-tubulin kit Cytoskeleton, Inc. Cat# CY-SC002 FuGENE Transfection Reagent Promega Cat# E2311 cOmplete protease inhibitor Roche Cat# 11836145001 TEV protease MacroLab, University of California, Berkeley Addgene Cat# 8827 Janelia Fluor 549 HaloTag ligand Promega Cat# GA1110 (+)-S-trityl-L-cysteine Sigma-Aldrich Cat# 164739 Nocodazole Sigma-Aldrich Cat# M1404 Hoechst 33342 Invitrogen Cat# H3570 Doxycyline hyclate Sigma-Aldrich Cat# D9891 Paclitaxel (Taxol) LC Laboratories Cat# P-9600 30 kDa MWCO Amicon Cat# UFC8030 Glucose Oxidase Millipore Sigma Cat# 9001-37-0 Catalase Millipore Sigma Cat# C40 Deposited data Raw and analyzed data This study; Mendeley Data Mendeley Data: https://doi.org/ 10.17632/xjnsg4yy33.1 Experimental models: Cell lines Human: hTERT-RPE1 cells ATCC Cat# CRL-4000 Human: RPE1 inducible NuMA knockout cells expressing HaloTag-tubulin Richter et al.65 N/A Human: HEK293T cells ATCC Cat# CRL-3216 Insect: Sf9-ESF (S. frugiperda) cells Berkeley Cell Culture Facility RRID: CVCL_0549 Recombinant DNA Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-FL-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-HCC-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-Bonsai-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-Bonsai-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-Cterm-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-Cterm-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Cterm-mNeonGreen This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Cterm-CM-mNeonGreen This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Bonsai-mNeonGreen This study N/A Software and algorithms Micromanager Edelstein et al.66 Version 2.0.0 and 1.4 FIJI Schindelin et al.67 ImageJ 2.14.0/1.54f (Continued on next page) e1 Current Biology 35, 4084–4095.e1–e5, September 8, 2025 .. hTERT-RPE1 cells (female human retinal epithelial cells) were purchased from ATCC (CRL-4000).

    Transfection:

    Article Title: NuMA mechanically reinforces the spindle independently of its partner dynein.
    Article Snippet: .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Rabbit anti-NuMA Novus Biologicals Cat# NB500-174; RRID: AB_10002562 Mouse anti-p150 [Glued] BD Biosciences Cat# 610474; RRID: AB_397846 Mouse anti-α-tubulin (DM1A) Sigma-Aldrich Cat# T6199; RRID: AB_477583 Goat anti-rabbit IgG AlexaFluor 647 Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-21244; RRID: AB_2535812 Goat anti-mouse IgG AlexaFluor 568 Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-11004; RRID: AB_2534072 GFP-Booster ATTO488 ChromoTek Cat# gba488; RRID: AB_2631386 Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins SiR-tubulin kit Cytoskeleton, Inc. Cat# CY-SC002 FuGENE Transfection Reagent Promega Cat# E2311 cOmplete protease inhibitor Roche Cat# 11836145001 TEV protease MacroLab, University of California, Berkeley Addgene Cat# 8827 Janelia Fluor 549 HaloTag ligand Promega Cat# GA1110 (+)-S-trityl-L-cysteine Sigma-Aldrich Cat# 164739 Nocodazole Sigma-Aldrich Cat# M1404 Hoechst 33342 Invitrogen Cat# H3570 Doxycyline hyclate Sigma-Aldrich Cat# D9891 Paclitaxel (Taxol) LC Laboratories Cat# P-9600 30 kDa MWCO Amicon Cat# UFC8030 Glucose Oxidase Millipore Sigma Cat# 9001-37-0 Catalase Millipore Sigma Cat# C40 Deposited data Raw and analyzed data This study; Mendeley Data Mendeley Data: https://doi.org/ 10.17632/xjnsg4yy33.1 Experimental models: Cell lines Human: hTERT-RPE1 cells ATCC Cat# CRL-4000 Human: RPE1 inducible NuMA knockout cells expressing HaloTag-tubulin Richter et al.65 N/A Human: HEK293T cells ATCC Cat# CRL-3216 Insect: Sf9-ESF (S. frugiperda) cells Berkeley Cell Culture Facility RRID: CVCL_0549 Recombinant DNA Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-FL-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-HCC-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-Bonsai-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-Bonsai-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-Cterm-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-Cterm-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Cterm-mNeonGreen This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Cterm-CM-mNeonGreen This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Bonsai-mNeonGreen This study N/A Software and algorithms Micromanager Edelstein et al.66 Version 2.0.0 and 1.4 FIJI Schindelin et al.67 ImageJ 2.14.0/1.54f (Continued on next page) e1 Current Biology 35, 4084–4095.e1–e5, September 8, 2025 .. hTERT-RPE1 cells (female human retinal epithelial cells) were purchased from ATCC (CRL-4000).

    Protease Inhibitor:

    Article Title: NuMA mechanically reinforces the spindle independently of its partner dynein.
    Article Snippet: .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Rabbit anti-NuMA Novus Biologicals Cat# NB500-174; RRID: AB_10002562 Mouse anti-p150 [Glued] BD Biosciences Cat# 610474; RRID: AB_397846 Mouse anti-α-tubulin (DM1A) Sigma-Aldrich Cat# T6199; RRID: AB_477583 Goat anti-rabbit IgG AlexaFluor 647 Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-21244; RRID: AB_2535812 Goat anti-mouse IgG AlexaFluor 568 Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-11004; RRID: AB_2534072 GFP-Booster ATTO488 ChromoTek Cat# gba488; RRID: AB_2631386 Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins SiR-tubulin kit Cytoskeleton, Inc. Cat# CY-SC002 FuGENE Transfection Reagent Promega Cat# E2311 cOmplete protease inhibitor Roche Cat# 11836145001 TEV protease MacroLab, University of California, Berkeley Addgene Cat# 8827 Janelia Fluor 549 HaloTag ligand Promega Cat# GA1110 (+)-S-trityl-L-cysteine Sigma-Aldrich Cat# 164739 Nocodazole Sigma-Aldrich Cat# M1404 Hoechst 33342 Invitrogen Cat# H3570 Doxycyline hyclate Sigma-Aldrich Cat# D9891 Paclitaxel (Taxol) LC Laboratories Cat# P-9600 30 kDa MWCO Amicon Cat# UFC8030 Glucose Oxidase Millipore Sigma Cat# 9001-37-0 Catalase Millipore Sigma Cat# C40 Deposited data Raw and analyzed data This study; Mendeley Data Mendeley Data: https://doi.org/ 10.17632/xjnsg4yy33.1 Experimental models: Cell lines Human: hTERT-RPE1 cells ATCC Cat# CRL-4000 Human: RPE1 inducible NuMA knockout cells expressing HaloTag-tubulin Richter et al.65 N/A Human: HEK293T cells ATCC Cat# CRL-3216 Insect: Sf9-ESF (S. frugiperda) cells Berkeley Cell Culture Facility RRID: CVCL_0549 Recombinant DNA Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-FL-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-HCC-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-Bonsai-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-Bonsai-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-Cterm-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-Cterm-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Cterm-mNeonGreen This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Cterm-CM-mNeonGreen This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Bonsai-mNeonGreen This study N/A Software and algorithms Micromanager Edelstein et al.66 Version 2.0.0 and 1.4 FIJI Schindelin et al.67 ImageJ 2.14.0/1.54f (Continued on next page) e1 Current Biology 35, 4084–4095.e1–e5, September 8, 2025 .. hTERT-RPE1 cells (female human retinal epithelial cells) were purchased from ATCC (CRL-4000).

    Knock-Out:

    Article Title: NuMA mechanically reinforces the spindle independently of its partner dynein.
    Article Snippet: .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Rabbit anti-NuMA Novus Biologicals Cat# NB500-174; RRID: AB_10002562 Mouse anti-p150 [Glued] BD Biosciences Cat# 610474; RRID: AB_397846 Mouse anti-α-tubulin (DM1A) Sigma-Aldrich Cat# T6199; RRID: AB_477583 Goat anti-rabbit IgG AlexaFluor 647 Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-21244; RRID: AB_2535812 Goat anti-mouse IgG AlexaFluor 568 Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-11004; RRID: AB_2534072 GFP-Booster ATTO488 ChromoTek Cat# gba488; RRID: AB_2631386 Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins SiR-tubulin kit Cytoskeleton, Inc. Cat# CY-SC002 FuGENE Transfection Reagent Promega Cat# E2311 cOmplete protease inhibitor Roche Cat# 11836145001 TEV protease MacroLab, University of California, Berkeley Addgene Cat# 8827 Janelia Fluor 549 HaloTag ligand Promega Cat# GA1110 (+)-S-trityl-L-cysteine Sigma-Aldrich Cat# 164739 Nocodazole Sigma-Aldrich Cat# M1404 Hoechst 33342 Invitrogen Cat# H3570 Doxycyline hyclate Sigma-Aldrich Cat# D9891 Paclitaxel (Taxol) LC Laboratories Cat# P-9600 30 kDa MWCO Amicon Cat# UFC8030 Glucose Oxidase Millipore Sigma Cat# 9001-37-0 Catalase Millipore Sigma Cat# C40 Deposited data Raw and analyzed data This study; Mendeley Data Mendeley Data: https://doi.org/ 10.17632/xjnsg4yy33.1 Experimental models: Cell lines Human: hTERT-RPE1 cells ATCC Cat# CRL-4000 Human: RPE1 inducible NuMA knockout cells expressing HaloTag-tubulin Richter et al.65 N/A Human: HEK293T cells ATCC Cat# CRL-3216 Insect: Sf9-ESF (S. frugiperda) cells Berkeley Cell Culture Facility RRID: CVCL_0549 Recombinant DNA Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-FL-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-HCC-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-Bonsai-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-Bonsai-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-Cterm-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-Cterm-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Cterm-mNeonGreen This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Cterm-CM-mNeonGreen This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Bonsai-mNeonGreen This study N/A Software and algorithms Micromanager Edelstein et al.66 Version 2.0.0 and 1.4 FIJI Schindelin et al.67 ImageJ 2.14.0/1.54f (Continued on next page) e1 Current Biology 35, 4084–4095.e1–e5, September 8, 2025 .. hTERT-RPE1 cells (female human retinal epithelial cells) were purchased from ATCC (CRL-4000).

    Expressing:

    Article Title: NuMA mechanically reinforces the spindle independently of its partner dynein.
    Article Snippet: .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Rabbit anti-NuMA Novus Biologicals Cat# NB500-174; RRID: AB_10002562 Mouse anti-p150 [Glued] BD Biosciences Cat# 610474; RRID: AB_397846 Mouse anti-α-tubulin (DM1A) Sigma-Aldrich Cat# T6199; RRID: AB_477583 Goat anti-rabbit IgG AlexaFluor 647 Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-21244; RRID: AB_2535812 Goat anti-mouse IgG AlexaFluor 568 Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-11004; RRID: AB_2534072 GFP-Booster ATTO488 ChromoTek Cat# gba488; RRID: AB_2631386 Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins SiR-tubulin kit Cytoskeleton, Inc. Cat# CY-SC002 FuGENE Transfection Reagent Promega Cat# E2311 cOmplete protease inhibitor Roche Cat# 11836145001 TEV protease MacroLab, University of California, Berkeley Addgene Cat# 8827 Janelia Fluor 549 HaloTag ligand Promega Cat# GA1110 (+)-S-trityl-L-cysteine Sigma-Aldrich Cat# 164739 Nocodazole Sigma-Aldrich Cat# M1404 Hoechst 33342 Invitrogen Cat# H3570 Doxycyline hyclate Sigma-Aldrich Cat# D9891 Paclitaxel (Taxol) LC Laboratories Cat# P-9600 30 kDa MWCO Amicon Cat# UFC8030 Glucose Oxidase Millipore Sigma Cat# 9001-37-0 Catalase Millipore Sigma Cat# C40 Deposited data Raw and analyzed data This study; Mendeley Data Mendeley Data: https://doi.org/ 10.17632/xjnsg4yy33.1 Experimental models: Cell lines Human: hTERT-RPE1 cells ATCC Cat# CRL-4000 Human: RPE1 inducible NuMA knockout cells expressing HaloTag-tubulin Richter et al.65 N/A Human: HEK293T cells ATCC Cat# CRL-3216 Insect: Sf9-ESF (S. frugiperda) cells Berkeley Cell Culture Facility RRID: CVCL_0549 Recombinant DNA Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-FL-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-HCC-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-Bonsai-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-Bonsai-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-Cterm-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-Cterm-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Cterm-mNeonGreen This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Cterm-CM-mNeonGreen This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Bonsai-mNeonGreen This study N/A Software and algorithms Micromanager Edelstein et al.66 Version 2.0.0 and 1.4 FIJI Schindelin et al.67 ImageJ 2.14.0/1.54f (Continued on next page) e1 Current Biology 35, 4084–4095.e1–e5, September 8, 2025 .. hTERT-RPE1 cells (female human retinal epithelial cells) were purchased from ATCC (CRL-4000).

    Cell Culture:

    Article Title: NuMA mechanically reinforces the spindle independently of its partner dynein.
    Article Snippet: .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Rabbit anti-NuMA Novus Biologicals Cat# NB500-174; RRID: AB_10002562 Mouse anti-p150 [Glued] BD Biosciences Cat# 610474; RRID: AB_397846 Mouse anti-α-tubulin (DM1A) Sigma-Aldrich Cat# T6199; RRID: AB_477583 Goat anti-rabbit IgG AlexaFluor 647 Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-21244; RRID: AB_2535812 Goat anti-mouse IgG AlexaFluor 568 Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-11004; RRID: AB_2534072 GFP-Booster ATTO488 ChromoTek Cat# gba488; RRID: AB_2631386 Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins SiR-tubulin kit Cytoskeleton, Inc. Cat# CY-SC002 FuGENE Transfection Reagent Promega Cat# E2311 cOmplete protease inhibitor Roche Cat# 11836145001 TEV protease MacroLab, University of California, Berkeley Addgene Cat# 8827 Janelia Fluor 549 HaloTag ligand Promega Cat# GA1110 (+)-S-trityl-L-cysteine Sigma-Aldrich Cat# 164739 Nocodazole Sigma-Aldrich Cat# M1404 Hoechst 33342 Invitrogen Cat# H3570 Doxycyline hyclate Sigma-Aldrich Cat# D9891 Paclitaxel (Taxol) LC Laboratories Cat# P-9600 30 kDa MWCO Amicon Cat# UFC8030 Glucose Oxidase Millipore Sigma Cat# 9001-37-0 Catalase Millipore Sigma Cat# C40 Deposited data Raw and analyzed data This study; Mendeley Data Mendeley Data: https://doi.org/ 10.17632/xjnsg4yy33.1 Experimental models: Cell lines Human: hTERT-RPE1 cells ATCC Cat# CRL-4000 Human: RPE1 inducible NuMA knockout cells expressing HaloTag-tubulin Richter et al.65 N/A Human: HEK293T cells ATCC Cat# CRL-3216 Insect: Sf9-ESF (S. frugiperda) cells Berkeley Cell Culture Facility RRID: CVCL_0549 Recombinant DNA Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-FL-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-HCC-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-Bonsai-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-Bonsai-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-Cterm-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-Cterm-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Cterm-mNeonGreen This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Cterm-CM-mNeonGreen This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Bonsai-mNeonGreen This study N/A Software and algorithms Micromanager Edelstein et al.66 Version 2.0.0 and 1.4 FIJI Schindelin et al.67 ImageJ 2.14.0/1.54f (Continued on next page) e1 Current Biology 35, 4084–4095.e1–e5, September 8, 2025 .. hTERT-RPE1 cells (female human retinal epithelial cells) were purchased from ATCC (CRL-4000).

    Plasmid Preparation:

    Article Title: NuMA mechanically reinforces the spindle independently of its partner dynein.
    Article Snippet: .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Rabbit anti-NuMA Novus Biologicals Cat# NB500-174; RRID: AB_10002562 Mouse anti-p150 [Glued] BD Biosciences Cat# 610474; RRID: AB_397846 Mouse anti-α-tubulin (DM1A) Sigma-Aldrich Cat# T6199; RRID: AB_477583 Goat anti-rabbit IgG AlexaFluor 647 Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-21244; RRID: AB_2535812 Goat anti-mouse IgG AlexaFluor 568 Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-11004; RRID: AB_2534072 GFP-Booster ATTO488 ChromoTek Cat# gba488; RRID: AB_2631386 Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins SiR-tubulin kit Cytoskeleton, Inc. Cat# CY-SC002 FuGENE Transfection Reagent Promega Cat# E2311 cOmplete protease inhibitor Roche Cat# 11836145001 TEV protease MacroLab, University of California, Berkeley Addgene Cat# 8827 Janelia Fluor 549 HaloTag ligand Promega Cat# GA1110 (+)-S-trityl-L-cysteine Sigma-Aldrich Cat# 164739 Nocodazole Sigma-Aldrich Cat# M1404 Hoechst 33342 Invitrogen Cat# H3570 Doxycyline hyclate Sigma-Aldrich Cat# D9891 Paclitaxel (Taxol) LC Laboratories Cat# P-9600 30 kDa MWCO Amicon Cat# UFC8030 Glucose Oxidase Millipore Sigma Cat# 9001-37-0 Catalase Millipore Sigma Cat# C40 Deposited data Raw and analyzed data This study; Mendeley Data Mendeley Data: https://doi.org/ 10.17632/xjnsg4yy33.1 Experimental models: Cell lines Human: hTERT-RPE1 cells ATCC Cat# CRL-4000 Human: RPE1 inducible NuMA knockout cells expressing HaloTag-tubulin Richter et al.65 N/A Human: HEK293T cells ATCC Cat# CRL-3216 Insect: Sf9-ESF (S. frugiperda) cells Berkeley Cell Culture Facility RRID: CVCL_0549 Recombinant DNA Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-FL-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-HCC-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-Bonsai-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-Bonsai-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-Cterm-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-Cterm-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Cterm-mNeonGreen This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Cterm-CM-mNeonGreen This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Bonsai-mNeonGreen This study N/A Software and algorithms Micromanager Edelstein et al.66 Version 2.0.0 and 1.4 FIJI Schindelin et al.67 ImageJ 2.14.0/1.54f (Continued on next page) e1 Current Biology 35, 4084–4095.e1–e5, September 8, 2025 .. hTERT-RPE1 cells (female human retinal epithelial cells) were purchased from ATCC (CRL-4000).

    Software:

    Article Title: NuMA mechanically reinforces the spindle independently of its partner dynein.
    Article Snippet: .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Rabbit anti-NuMA Novus Biologicals Cat# NB500-174; RRID: AB_10002562 Mouse anti-p150 [Glued] BD Biosciences Cat# 610474; RRID: AB_397846 Mouse anti-α-tubulin (DM1A) Sigma-Aldrich Cat# T6199; RRID: AB_477583 Goat anti-rabbit IgG AlexaFluor 647 Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-21244; RRID: AB_2535812 Goat anti-mouse IgG AlexaFluor 568 Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-11004; RRID: AB_2534072 GFP-Booster ATTO488 ChromoTek Cat# gba488; RRID: AB_2631386 Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins SiR-tubulin kit Cytoskeleton, Inc. Cat# CY-SC002 FuGENE Transfection Reagent Promega Cat# E2311 cOmplete protease inhibitor Roche Cat# 11836145001 TEV protease MacroLab, University of California, Berkeley Addgene Cat# 8827 Janelia Fluor 549 HaloTag ligand Promega Cat# GA1110 (+)-S-trityl-L-cysteine Sigma-Aldrich Cat# 164739 Nocodazole Sigma-Aldrich Cat# M1404 Hoechst 33342 Invitrogen Cat# H3570 Doxycyline hyclate Sigma-Aldrich Cat# D9891 Paclitaxel (Taxol) LC Laboratories Cat# P-9600 30 kDa MWCO Amicon Cat# UFC8030 Glucose Oxidase Millipore Sigma Cat# 9001-37-0 Catalase Millipore Sigma Cat# C40 Deposited data Raw and analyzed data This study; Mendeley Data Mendeley Data: https://doi.org/ 10.17632/xjnsg4yy33.1 Experimental models: Cell lines Human: hTERT-RPE1 cells ATCC Cat# CRL-4000 Human: RPE1 inducible NuMA knockout cells expressing HaloTag-tubulin Richter et al.65 N/A Human: HEK293T cells ATCC Cat# CRL-3216 Insect: Sf9-ESF (S. frugiperda) cells Berkeley Cell Culture Facility RRID: CVCL_0549 Recombinant DNA Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-FL-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-HCC-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-Bonsai-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-SpM-Bonsai-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-Cterm-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pLenti-NuMA-Cterm-CM-GFP This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Cterm-mNeonGreen This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Cterm-CM-mNeonGreen This study N/A Plasmid: pOmnibac NuMA-Bonsai-mNeonGreen This study N/A Software and algorithms Micromanager Edelstein et al.66 Version 2.0.0 and 1.4 FIJI Schindelin et al.67 ImageJ 2.14.0/1.54f (Continued on next page) e1 Current Biology 35, 4084–4095.e1–e5, September 8, 2025 .. hTERT-RPE1 cells (female human retinal epithelial cells) were purchased from ATCC (CRL-4000).

    Blocking Assay:

    Article Title: CD33-CD45 Interaction Reveals a Mechanistic Link to Alzheimer’s Disease Susceptibility
    Article Snippet: .. The primary antibody (CD45 antibody (MEM-28), Novus Biologicals, NB500-319) was diluted in Blocking buffer at 1:5000. ..



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    Targeting TSPAN6 suppresses tumour growth and metastasis. (A) Real-time cell proliferation assay of PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Data are presented as mean values ± SD. (B) Cystal violet staining of shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells after 14 days of culture. Colony number of each group was quantified on the right. Data are presented as the mean ± SD from three independent repeats. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (C) Fluorescence staining for active apoptosis in shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells detected by GreenNuc Caspase-3 Assay Kit. The green fluorescence in nuclei indicate active apoptosis. Scale bar, 20 μm. (D) Western blot analysis of cleaved caspase3 in PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-actin was used as the loading control. (E) Western blot analysis of PLK4 protein levels in primary tumour cells derived from 18 patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). β-Actin served as the loading control (left). Relative PLK4 protein levels were quantified as the ratio of sample to NC (sample/NC). Cases with sample/NC > 1 were classified as PLK4 high (red dots), whereas cases with sample/NC < 1 were classified as PLK4 low (blue dots) (right). (F) Growth curve of tumours in PDX-models treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Tumour volumes are presented as mean values ± SD (n = 30 mice per group). p values were calculated by two-way ANOVA. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (G, H) Immunohistochemical staining of <t>Ki67</t> and cleaved-caspase3 in tumours from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Scale bar, 100 μm. (I) Immunofluorescent staining for PLK4, TSPAN6, and α-tubulin in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. White arrowheads indicate PLK4 particles colocalized with TSPAN6 in the extracellular space. Yellow arrowheads indicate bipolar spindles in the control group and multipolar spindles in the shTSPAN6 RNA-treated group. Scale bar, 20 μm for each main image and 2 μm for the zoom in section. Regions marked by the arrowheads are shown at higher magnification in the right three columns. (J) Quantification of PLK4-containing particles in the extracellular space of frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. 20 fields of view from tumour sections of three mice per group were analysed. Data are presented as mean ± SD. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (K) Proportion of bipolar spindles in mitotic tumour cells in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. (L) Western blot analysis of intracellular PLK4 protein levels in PLK4 high tumours derived from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-Actin was used as the loading control. Quantification is presented as mean ± SD from three independent biological replicates. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (M) Liver and lung tissues were harvested from PDX-mice with or without detectable metastatic lesions. Arrowheads indicate representative metastatic nodules within the organs. (N) Metastatic incidence in the liver and lung tissues of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. The number of mice analysed in each group is indicated above the corresponding bar. (O) Metastatic regions in liver and lung tissues visualised by H&E staining. Representative metastatic foci are indicated by arrowheads, with corresponding higher-magnification images shown on the right. Scale bar, 100 μm for each main image and 20 μm for the zoom in section. (P) Quantification of metastatic nodules in the lungs and livers of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Each dot represents an individual mouse bearing metastatic nodules in the indicated organ.
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    Targeting TSPAN6 suppresses tumour growth and metastasis. (A) Real-time cell proliferation assay of PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Data are presented as mean values ± SD. (B) Cystal violet staining of shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells after 14 days of culture. Colony number of each group was quantified on the right. Data are presented as the mean ± SD from three independent repeats. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (C) Fluorescence staining for active apoptosis in shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells detected by GreenNuc Caspase-3 Assay Kit. The green fluorescence in nuclei indicate active apoptosis. Scale bar, 20 μm. (D) Western blot analysis of cleaved caspase3 in PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-actin was used as the loading control. (E) Western blot analysis of PLK4 protein levels in primary tumour cells derived from 18 patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). β-Actin served as the loading control (left). Relative PLK4 protein levels were quantified as the ratio of sample to NC (sample/NC). Cases with sample/NC > 1 were classified as PLK4 high (red dots), whereas cases with sample/NC < 1 were classified as PLK4 low (blue dots) (right). (F) Growth curve of tumours in PDX-models treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Tumour volumes are presented as mean values ± SD (n = 30 mice per group). p values were calculated by two-way ANOVA. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (G, H) Immunohistochemical staining of <t>Ki67</t> and cleaved-caspase3 in tumours from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Scale bar, 100 μm. (I) Immunofluorescent staining for PLK4, TSPAN6, and α-tubulin in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. White arrowheads indicate PLK4 particles colocalized with TSPAN6 in the extracellular space. Yellow arrowheads indicate bipolar spindles in the control group and multipolar spindles in the shTSPAN6 RNA-treated group. Scale bar, 20 μm for each main image and 2 μm for the zoom in section. Regions marked by the arrowheads are shown at higher magnification in the right three columns. (J) Quantification of PLK4-containing particles in the extracellular space of frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. 20 fields of view from tumour sections of three mice per group were analysed. Data are presented as mean ± SD. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (K) Proportion of bipolar spindles in mitotic tumour cells in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. (L) Western blot analysis of intracellular PLK4 protein levels in PLK4 high tumours derived from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-Actin was used as the loading control. Quantification is presented as mean ± SD from three independent biological replicates. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (M) Liver and lung tissues were harvested from PDX-mice with or without detectable metastatic lesions. Arrowheads indicate representative metastatic nodules within the organs. (N) Metastatic incidence in the liver and lung tissues of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. The number of mice analysed in each group is indicated above the corresponding bar. (O) Metastatic regions in liver and lung tissues visualised by H&E staining. Representative metastatic foci are indicated by arrowheads, with corresponding higher-magnification images shown on the right. Scale bar, 100 μm for each main image and 20 μm for the zoom in section. (P) Quantification of metastatic nodules in the lungs and livers of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Each dot represents an individual mouse bearing metastatic nodules in the indicated organ.
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    Targeting TSPAN6 suppresses tumour growth and metastasis. (A) Real-time cell proliferation assay of PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Data are presented as mean values ± SD. (B) Cystal violet staining of shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells after 14 days of culture. Colony number of each group was quantified on the right. Data are presented as the mean ± SD from three independent repeats. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (C) Fluorescence staining for active apoptosis in shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells detected by GreenNuc Caspase-3 Assay Kit. The green fluorescence in nuclei indicate active apoptosis. Scale bar, 20 μm. (D) Western blot analysis of cleaved caspase3 in PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-actin was used as the loading control. (E) Western blot analysis of PLK4 protein levels in primary tumour cells derived from 18 patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). β-Actin served as the loading control (left). Relative PLK4 protein levels were quantified as the ratio of sample to NC (sample/NC). Cases with sample/NC > 1 were classified as PLK4 high (red dots), whereas cases with sample/NC < 1 were classified as PLK4 low (blue dots) (right). (F) Growth curve of tumours in PDX-models treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Tumour volumes are presented as mean values ± SD (n = 30 mice per group). p values were calculated by two-way ANOVA. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (G, H) Immunohistochemical staining of <t>Ki67</t> and cleaved-caspase3 in tumours from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Scale bar, 100 μm. (I) Immunofluorescent staining for PLK4, TSPAN6, and α-tubulin in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. White arrowheads indicate PLK4 particles colocalized with TSPAN6 in the extracellular space. Yellow arrowheads indicate bipolar spindles in the control group and multipolar spindles in the shTSPAN6 RNA-treated group. Scale bar, 20 μm for each main image and 2 μm for the zoom in section. Regions marked by the arrowheads are shown at higher magnification in the right three columns. (J) Quantification of PLK4-containing particles in the extracellular space of frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. 20 fields of view from tumour sections of three mice per group were analysed. Data are presented as mean ± SD. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (K) Proportion of bipolar spindles in mitotic tumour cells in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. (L) Western blot analysis of intracellular PLK4 protein levels in PLK4 high tumours derived from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-Actin was used as the loading control. Quantification is presented as mean ± SD from three independent biological replicates. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (M) Liver and lung tissues were harvested from PDX-mice with or without detectable metastatic lesions. Arrowheads indicate representative metastatic nodules within the organs. (N) Metastatic incidence in the liver and lung tissues of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. The number of mice analysed in each group is indicated above the corresponding bar. (O) Metastatic regions in liver and lung tissues visualised by H&E staining. Representative metastatic foci are indicated by arrowheads, with corresponding higher-magnification images shown on the right. Scale bar, 100 μm for each main image and 20 μm for the zoom in section. (P) Quantification of metastatic nodules in the lungs and livers of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Each dot represents an individual mouse bearing metastatic nodules in the indicated organ.
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    Targeting TSPAN6 suppresses tumour growth and metastasis. (A) Real-time cell proliferation assay of PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Data are presented as mean values ± SD. (B) Cystal violet staining of shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells after 14 days of culture. Colony number of each group was quantified on the right. Data are presented as the mean ± SD from three independent repeats. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (C) Fluorescence staining for active apoptosis in shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells detected by GreenNuc Caspase-3 Assay Kit. The green fluorescence in nuclei indicate active apoptosis. Scale bar, 20 μm. (D) Western blot analysis of cleaved caspase3 in PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-actin was used as the loading control. (E) Western blot analysis of PLK4 protein levels in primary tumour cells derived from 18 patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). β-Actin served as the loading control (left). Relative PLK4 protein levels were quantified as the ratio of sample to NC (sample/NC). Cases with sample/NC > 1 were classified as PLK4 high (red dots), whereas cases with sample/NC < 1 were classified as PLK4 low (blue dots) (right). (F) Growth curve of tumours in PDX-models treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Tumour volumes are presented as mean values ± SD (n = 30 mice per group). p values were calculated by two-way ANOVA. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (G, H) Immunohistochemical staining of <t>Ki67</t> and cleaved-caspase3 in tumours from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Scale bar, 100 μm. (I) Immunofluorescent staining for PLK4, TSPAN6, and α-tubulin in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. White arrowheads indicate PLK4 particles colocalized with TSPAN6 in the extracellular space. Yellow arrowheads indicate bipolar spindles in the control group and multipolar spindles in the shTSPAN6 RNA-treated group. Scale bar, 20 μm for each main image and 2 μm for the zoom in section. Regions marked by the arrowheads are shown at higher magnification in the right three columns. (J) Quantification of PLK4-containing particles in the extracellular space of frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. 20 fields of view from tumour sections of three mice per group were analysed. Data are presented as mean ± SD. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (K) Proportion of bipolar spindles in mitotic tumour cells in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. (L) Western blot analysis of intracellular PLK4 protein levels in PLK4 high tumours derived from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-Actin was used as the loading control. Quantification is presented as mean ± SD from three independent biological replicates. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (M) Liver and lung tissues were harvested from PDX-mice with or without detectable metastatic lesions. Arrowheads indicate representative metastatic nodules within the organs. (N) Metastatic incidence in the liver and lung tissues of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. The number of mice analysed in each group is indicated above the corresponding bar. (O) Metastatic regions in liver and lung tissues visualised by H&E staining. Representative metastatic foci are indicated by arrowheads, with corresponding higher-magnification images shown on the right. Scale bar, 100 μm for each main image and 20 μm for the zoom in section. (P) Quantification of metastatic nodules in the lungs and livers of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Each dot represents an individual mouse bearing metastatic nodules in the indicated organ.
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    Targeting TSPAN6 suppresses tumour growth and metastasis. (A) Real-time cell proliferation assay of PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Data are presented as mean values ± SD. (B) Cystal violet staining of shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells after 14 days of culture. Colony number of each group was quantified on the right. Data are presented as the mean ± SD from three independent repeats. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (C) Fluorescence staining for active apoptosis in shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells detected by GreenNuc Caspase-3 Assay Kit. The green fluorescence in nuclei indicate active apoptosis. Scale bar, 20 μm. (D) Western blot analysis of cleaved caspase3 in PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-actin was used as the loading control. (E) Western blot analysis of PLK4 protein levels in primary tumour cells derived from 18 patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). β-Actin served as the loading control (left). Relative PLK4 protein levels were quantified as the ratio of sample to NC (sample/NC). Cases with sample/NC > 1 were classified as PLK4 high (red dots), whereas cases with sample/NC < 1 were classified as PLK4 low (blue dots) (right). (F) Growth curve of tumours in PDX-models treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Tumour volumes are presented as mean values ± SD (n = 30 mice per group). p values were calculated by two-way ANOVA. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (G, H) Immunohistochemical staining of <t>Ki67</t> and cleaved-caspase3 in tumours from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Scale bar, 100 μm. (I) Immunofluorescent staining for PLK4, TSPAN6, and α-tubulin in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. White arrowheads indicate PLK4 particles colocalized with TSPAN6 in the extracellular space. Yellow arrowheads indicate bipolar spindles in the control group and multipolar spindles in the shTSPAN6 RNA-treated group. Scale bar, 20 μm for each main image and 2 μm for the zoom in section. Regions marked by the arrowheads are shown at higher magnification in the right three columns. (J) Quantification of PLK4-containing particles in the extracellular space of frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. 20 fields of view from tumour sections of three mice per group were analysed. Data are presented as mean ± SD. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (K) Proportion of bipolar spindles in mitotic tumour cells in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. (L) Western blot analysis of intracellular PLK4 protein levels in PLK4 high tumours derived from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-Actin was used as the loading control. Quantification is presented as mean ± SD from three independent biological replicates. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (M) Liver and lung tissues were harvested from PDX-mice with or without detectable metastatic lesions. Arrowheads indicate representative metastatic nodules within the organs. (N) Metastatic incidence in the liver and lung tissues of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. The number of mice analysed in each group is indicated above the corresponding bar. (O) Metastatic regions in liver and lung tissues visualised by H&E staining. Representative metastatic foci are indicated by arrowheads, with corresponding higher-magnification images shown on the right. Scale bar, 100 μm for each main image and 20 μm for the zoom in section. (P) Quantification of metastatic nodules in the lungs and livers of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Each dot represents an individual mouse bearing metastatic nodules in the indicated organ.
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    Targeting TSPAN6 suppresses tumour growth and metastasis. (A) Real-time cell proliferation assay of PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Data are presented as mean values ± SD. (B) Cystal violet staining of shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells after 14 days of culture. Colony number of each group was quantified on the right. Data are presented as the mean ± SD from three independent repeats. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (C) Fluorescence staining for active apoptosis in shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells detected by GreenNuc Caspase-3 Assay Kit. The green fluorescence in nuclei indicate active apoptosis. Scale bar, 20 μm. (D) Western blot analysis of cleaved caspase3 in PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-actin was used as the loading control. (E) Western blot analysis of PLK4 protein levels in primary tumour cells derived from 18 patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). β-Actin served as the loading control (left). Relative PLK4 protein levels were quantified as the ratio of sample to NC (sample/NC). Cases with sample/NC > 1 were classified as PLK4 high (red dots), whereas cases with sample/NC < 1 were classified as PLK4 low (blue dots) (right). (F) Growth curve of tumours in PDX-models treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Tumour volumes are presented as mean values ± SD (n = 30 mice per group). p values were calculated by two-way ANOVA. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (G, H) Immunohistochemical staining of <t>Ki67</t> and cleaved-caspase3 in tumours from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Scale bar, 100 μm. (I) Immunofluorescent staining for PLK4, TSPAN6, and α-tubulin in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. White arrowheads indicate PLK4 particles colocalized with TSPAN6 in the extracellular space. Yellow arrowheads indicate bipolar spindles in the control group and multipolar spindles in the shTSPAN6 RNA-treated group. Scale bar, 20 μm for each main image and 2 μm for the zoom in section. Regions marked by the arrowheads are shown at higher magnification in the right three columns. (J) Quantification of PLK4-containing particles in the extracellular space of frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. 20 fields of view from tumour sections of three mice per group were analysed. Data are presented as mean ± SD. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (K) Proportion of bipolar spindles in mitotic tumour cells in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. (L) Western blot analysis of intracellular PLK4 protein levels in PLK4 high tumours derived from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-Actin was used as the loading control. Quantification is presented as mean ± SD from three independent biological replicates. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (M) Liver and lung tissues were harvested from PDX-mice with or without detectable metastatic lesions. Arrowheads indicate representative metastatic nodules within the organs. (N) Metastatic incidence in the liver and lung tissues of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. The number of mice analysed in each group is indicated above the corresponding bar. (O) Metastatic regions in liver and lung tissues visualised by H&E staining. Representative metastatic foci are indicated by arrowheads, with corresponding higher-magnification images shown on the right. Scale bar, 100 μm for each main image and 20 μm for the zoom in section. (P) Quantification of metastatic nodules in the lungs and livers of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Each dot represents an individual mouse bearing metastatic nodules in the indicated organ.
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    Targeting TSPAN6 suppresses tumour growth and metastasis. (A) Real-time cell proliferation assay of PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Data are presented as mean values ± SD. (B) Cystal violet staining of shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells after 14 days of culture. Colony number of each group was quantified on the right. Data are presented as the mean ± SD from three independent repeats. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (C) Fluorescence staining for active apoptosis in shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells detected by GreenNuc Caspase-3 Assay Kit. The green fluorescence in nuclei indicate active apoptosis. Scale bar, 20 μm. (D) Western blot analysis of cleaved caspase3 in PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-actin was used as the loading control. (E) Western blot analysis of PLK4 protein levels in primary tumour cells derived from 18 patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). β-Actin served as the loading control (left). Relative PLK4 protein levels were quantified as the ratio of sample to NC (sample/NC). Cases with sample/NC > 1 were classified as PLK4 high (red dots), whereas cases with sample/NC < 1 were classified as PLK4 low (blue dots) (right). (F) Growth curve of tumours in PDX-models treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Tumour volumes are presented as mean values ± SD (n = 30 mice per group). p values were calculated by two-way ANOVA. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (G, H) Immunohistochemical staining of Ki67 and cleaved-caspase3 in tumours from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Scale bar, 100 μm. (I) Immunofluorescent staining for PLK4, TSPAN6, and α-tubulin in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. White arrowheads indicate PLK4 particles colocalized with TSPAN6 in the extracellular space. Yellow arrowheads indicate bipolar spindles in the control group and multipolar spindles in the shTSPAN6 RNA-treated group. Scale bar, 20 μm for each main image and 2 μm for the zoom in section. Regions marked by the arrowheads are shown at higher magnification in the right three columns. (J) Quantification of PLK4-containing particles in the extracellular space of frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. 20 fields of view from tumour sections of three mice per group were analysed. Data are presented as mean ± SD. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (K) Proportion of bipolar spindles in mitotic tumour cells in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. (L) Western blot analysis of intracellular PLK4 protein levels in PLK4 high tumours derived from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-Actin was used as the loading control. Quantification is presented as mean ± SD from three independent biological replicates. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (M) Liver and lung tissues were harvested from PDX-mice with or without detectable metastatic lesions. Arrowheads indicate representative metastatic nodules within the organs. (N) Metastatic incidence in the liver and lung tissues of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. The number of mice analysed in each group is indicated above the corresponding bar. (O) Metastatic regions in liver and lung tissues visualised by H&E staining. Representative metastatic foci are indicated by arrowheads, with corresponding higher-magnification images shown on the right. Scale bar, 100 μm for each main image and 20 μm for the zoom in section. (P) Quantification of metastatic nodules in the lungs and livers of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Each dot represents an individual mouse bearing metastatic nodules in the indicated organ.

    Journal: eBioMedicine

    Article Title: Migrasome-mediated clearance of excess PLK4 defines a targetable vulnerability

    doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2026.106237

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Targeting TSPAN6 suppresses tumour growth and metastasis. (A) Real-time cell proliferation assay of PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Data are presented as mean values ± SD. (B) Cystal violet staining of shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells after 14 days of culture. Colony number of each group was quantified on the right. Data are presented as the mean ± SD from three independent repeats. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (C) Fluorescence staining for active apoptosis in shTSPAN6 or control PLK4−OE cells detected by GreenNuc Caspase-3 Assay Kit. The green fluorescence in nuclei indicate active apoptosis. Scale bar, 20 μm. (D) Western blot analysis of cleaved caspase3 in PLK4−OE cells treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-actin was used as the loading control. (E) Western blot analysis of PLK4 protein levels in primary tumour cells derived from 18 patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). β-Actin served as the loading control (left). Relative PLK4 protein levels were quantified as the ratio of sample to NC (sample/NC). Cases with sample/NC > 1 were classified as PLK4 high (red dots), whereas cases with sample/NC < 1 were classified as PLK4 low (blue dots) (right). (F) Growth curve of tumours in PDX-models treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Tumour volumes are presented as mean values ± SD (n = 30 mice per group). p values were calculated by two-way ANOVA. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (G, H) Immunohistochemical staining of Ki67 and cleaved-caspase3 in tumours from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Scale bar, 100 μm. (I) Immunofluorescent staining for PLK4, TSPAN6, and α-tubulin in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. White arrowheads indicate PLK4 particles colocalized with TSPAN6 in the extracellular space. Yellow arrowheads indicate bipolar spindles in the control group and multipolar spindles in the shTSPAN6 RNA-treated group. Scale bar, 20 μm for each main image and 2 μm for the zoom in section. Regions marked by the arrowheads are shown at higher magnification in the right three columns. (J) Quantification of PLK4-containing particles in the extracellular space of frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. 20 fields of view from tumour sections of three mice per group were analysed. Data are presented as mean ± SD. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (K) Proportion of bipolar spindles in mitotic tumour cells in frozen tumour sections from PLK4 high tumour mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. (L) Western blot analysis of intracellular PLK4 protein levels in PLK4 high tumours derived from PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. β-Actin was used as the loading control. Quantification is presented as mean ± SD from three independent biological replicates. p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. (M) Liver and lung tissues were harvested from PDX-mice with or without detectable metastatic lesions. Arrowheads indicate representative metastatic nodules within the organs. (N) Metastatic incidence in the liver and lung tissues of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. The number of mice analysed in each group is indicated above the corresponding bar. (O) Metastatic regions in liver and lung tissues visualised by H&E staining. Representative metastatic foci are indicated by arrowheads, with corresponding higher-magnification images shown on the right. Scale bar, 100 μm for each main image and 20 μm for the zoom in section. (P) Quantification of metastatic nodules in the lungs and livers of PDX-mice treated with scramble or shTSPAN6 RNA. Each dot represents an individual mouse bearing metastatic nodules in the indicated organ.

    Article Snippet: Primary antibodies were obtained as follows: anti-PLK4 (Cat# MABC544, RRID: AB_2893410 ) and anti-Centrin (Cat# 04–1624, RRID: AB_10563501 ) from Millipore; anti-LAMP1 (Cat# ab25630, RRID: AB_470708 ), LC3B (Cat# ab192890, RRID: AB_2827794 ), Proteasome 20S alpha + beta (Cat# ab22673, RRID: AB_2268907 ), and LAMP2A (Cat# ab18528, RRID: AB_775981 ) from Abcam; anti-ERp72 (Cat# 66365-1-Ig, RRID: AB_2881745 ), GM130 (Cat# 11308-1-AP, RRID: AB_2115327 ), LMAN2 (Cat# 11496-1-AP, RRID: AB_3085375 ), TMED10 (Cat# 15199-1-AP, RRID: AB_2204321 ), ITGB1 (Cat# 12594-1-AP, RRID: AB_2130085 ), and TSPAN6 (Cat# 12293-1-AP, RRID: AB_2213446 ) from Proteintech; anti-cleaved caspase-3 (Cat# 9664, RRID: AB_2070042 ), PDI (Cat# 2446, RRID: AB_2298935 ), and CYCS (Cat# 4272, RRID: AB_2090454 ) from Cell Signalling Technology; anti-HSC70 (Cat# NB120-2788, RRID: AB_2120309 ) and Ki67 (Cat# NB500-170, RRID: AB_10001977 ) from Novus; anti-PIGK (Cat# PA5-28337, RRID: AB_2545813 ), EOGT (Cat# MA5-53414, RRID: AB_3247885 ), TSPAN4 (Cat# PA5-69344, RRID: AB_2688603 ) and Calnexin (Cat# PA5-34754, RRID: AB_2552106 ) from Thermo Fisher Scientific.

    Techniques: Proliferation Assay, Staining, Control, Two Tailed Test, Fluorescence, Caspase-3 Assay, Western Blot, Derivative Assay, Immunohistochemical staining